The MMPI/MMPI-2 does not seem significantly affected by repeated administrations, nor do high scores seem to regress to the mean. Scales Si (.85), Pt (.83) and A (.86) were highly stable, and Pa (.55) was the least stable clinical scale. Test-retest correlations for the clinical scales averaged. After 5 years, 1072 men showed high stability on their scores (Spiro III, 2000). 74, after a 30-year period (Leon, Gillum, Gillum, & Gouze, 1979).
The Si scale was found to be the most stable with a retest correlation of. MMPI scores are fairly stable over a period of years. The MMPI, and the MMPI-2’s is the most used and validated test of psychopathology in our field (Graham, 1999). 3) The MMPI/MMPI-2 is probably reactive to changes in psychotherapy, but is not reacting to the superficiality of the very brief treatments common to outcome research. 1) Most the scales are based on enduring and complex personality traits, verses symptom states commonly found in adjustment disorders, or specific anxiety disorders. The MMPI/MMPI-2 has not been very reactive as an outcome measure. The items on that scale, as well as the other MMPI/MMPI-2 clinical scales, are associated with deep and complex psychopathology. The MMPI Depression scale was developed with a criterion group most of whom were in the depressed phase of a bipolar disorder (Hathaway & McKinley, 1942). He then developed his Beck Depression Inventory, which was very reactive to his short-term treatment of depression (Beck, Ward, Mendelsohn, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961). When Beck was developing his cognitive-behavior therapy for depression, he found that the MMPI Depression scale was not reactive to his treatment. The Beck Depression Inventory had a 29% detection rate.
McNair (1974) found that the MMPI Depression scale detected differences between a placebo drug group and the anti-depressant drug group only 17% of the time.
The average duration of therapy for the 475 outcome studies was only 15.75 hours. Client’s self report and therapist’s ratings were the highest reactive measures (.92-1.19). They found the degree of reactivity of the MMPI was low, similar to G.S.R., blind ratings and grade point average (.55-.60). They concluded that the MMPI had a minimal connection with the treatment or the therapist and had low reactivity to the treatment. For example, Smith and Glass(1977) in their meta-analysis of 475 psychotherapy outcome studies looked at the connection between outcome measures and change. The MMPI/MMPI-2 is not likely to show significant changes in deep personality traits in treatment that lasts only ten to twenty sessions. However, the MMPI/MMPI-2 is rarely used to assess change in psychotherapy, since the MMPI’s scales tend to measure enduring personality traits, and most outcome studies involve short-term therapy. The MMPI/MMPI-2 changes support the belief that the maturation of personality is only achieved from years of effective treatment, and that brief treatment does not reach deeper levels of personality measured by that test. I have noticed in my work with patients in long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy, that the MMPI and the newer form, the MMPI-2 (MMPI/MMPI-2) showed profound changes to personality through out the years of treatment. MMPI/MMPI-2 Changes in Long-Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy These results, using the MMPI/MMPI-2, support the validity of long-term psychotherapy. On the average, it took patients about 2 years to begin to make significant changes to their personalities, and they continued to improve for years. However, most of the scales changed significantly by M = 60.4 months (SD = 32 most p<.001). A subsample of 18 patients with 3 testings, showed little change at M = 24.9 months (SD= 17). Scales K and Es which measure ego strength, increased significantly (both p<.001). After M = 38.8 months (SD = 17.1) of treatment, scales F, Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pt, Sc, Ma, and A, all significantly decreased to the normal range most were p <.001. The MMPI/MMPI-2 was tested with large dose therapy (long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy) with 55 polysymptomatic outpatients. The MMPI/MMPI-2, the most used and validated test of psychopathology, reacts poorly to "Empirically Supported Treatments", which are usually less than 20 sessions.
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